This work addresses the growing role of civilian hackers in contemporary conflicts, particularly focusing on the ongoing war in Ukraine. The publication highlights the legal and ethical dilemmas surrounding the involvement of non-state actors, such as volunteer hackers and cyber mercenaries, in cyber warfare. As the boundaries of warfare expand to include cyberspace, the actions of non-state actors—motivated by ideology, patriotism, or financial incentives—are increasingly blurring the lines between legitimate military operations and unlawful acts. The article examines how the rising participation of civilian hackers in cyberattacks has created a gap in existing legal frameworks, leaving significant questions regarding their accountability and the impact of their actions on both military and civilian targets.
Francesca, who participated in the Cyberspace and International Law course at the University of Lodz last year, offers a fresh perspective on the issue, contributing valuable insights into the complexities of international law as it applies to cyber operations. Their joint analysis emphasizes the urgent need for reform to ensure that civilian actors in cyberspace are held accountable for their actions in a manner that aligns with international legal standards. In particular, the publication stresses the importance of establishing clearer legal guidelines and frameworks to address the challenges posed by civilian hackers and cyber mercenaries. This publication is an important contribution towards understanding the evolving landscape of cyber warfare and the need for robust legal measures to ensure accountability in the digital age.
Read the full publication here.